T1091

Replication Through Removable Media

Windowsnothing on this site yetT1091 on attack.mitre.org

Adversaries may move onto systems, possibly those on disconnected or air-gapped networks, by copying malware to removable media and taking advantage of Autorun features when the media is inserted into a system and executes. In the case of Lateral Movement, this may occur through modification of executable files stored on removable media or by copying malware and renaming it to look like a legitimate file to trick users into executing it on a separate...

MITRE ATT&CK 19.2, retrieved 2026-09-12

If this is happening now

3

Checklists and playbooks to open while the alert is still live.

Playbook for this stage

Edge appliance or VPN compromise

A vendor advisory for a device you run at the perimeter, unexplained admin sessions on it, or an internal alert whose earliest source is the VPN range.

Playbook for this stage

Web shell on a public-facing server

An unfamiliar file in a web root, a web server process spawning a shell, or outbound traffic from a machine that should only ever receive it.

Playbook for this stage

Cloud account compromise

Impossible travel, an unrecognised inbox rule, or a reported invoice-fraud attempt.

how MITRE says to see it

Removable Media Execution Chain Detection via File and Process Activity

  • Execution of files originating from removable media after drive mount, with correlation to file write activity, autorun usage, or lateral spread via staged tools.

what reduces it

  • M1034 Limit Hardware Installation. Limit the use of USB devices and removable media within a network.
  • M1040 Behavior Prevention on Endpoint. On Windows 10, enable Attack Surface Reduction (ASR) rules to block unsigned/untrusted executable files (such as.exe,.dll, or.scr) from running from USB removable drives.
  • M1042 Disable or Remove Feature or Program. Disable Autorun if it is unnecessary. Disallow or restrict removable media at an organizational policy level if it is not required for business operations.

The description, detection analytics and mitigations are reproduced from MITRE ATT&CK, version 19.2, under its terms of use. The checklists, hunts, labs and everything else linked here are this site’s.